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African American Health Care
Affordable and Quality Healthcare for African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans
http://www.ethnicmajority.com/Healthcare.htm
According to a report by Johns Hopkins University Institute of Medicine, ethnic racial minority Americans (African, Latino, and Asian) do not receive the same level of quality healthcare as non-minority Americans. To most people, this is probably not a surprise. Since minorities have an average household income less than that of non-minorities, they are less likely to be able to afford the same level of healthcare or have it provided for them by their employers.
What is alarming however is the significant disparity that exists even when comparing conditions when there is a "level playing field", i.e. the patient has the same insurance status and income. Most people would believe that given the same insurance status and income, minorities and non-minorities should receive the same quality of healthcare. The Hopkins study confirmed previous studies that indicated that this is clearly not the case.
Studies have shown that minorities are far less likely to receive:
* Routine medical procedures
* Appropriate cardiac medication
* Coronary artery by-pass surgery
* Kidney transplants or hemodialysis
African American Diseases and Conditions
http://www.sac100.com/Health%20Com/diseases.htm
Obesity. 77.3 percent of non-Hispanic African-American women are overweight and 49.7 percent are obese. Among non-Hispanic African-American men, 60.7 percent are overweight and 28.1 percent are
Diabetes. On average, African Americans are twice as likely to have diabetes as white Americans of similar age. One in 4 Black women over 55 and 1 in 4 Black men between 65 and 74 are affected by diabetes
Heart Disease. African Americans are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke death than Caucasians.
Stroke. Compared with Caucasians, young African Americans have a two- to three-fold greater risk of ischemic stroke (caused by a clogged blood vessel), and African-American men and women are more likely to die of stroke.
High Blood Pressure. The prevalence of high blood pressure in African Americans in the United States is among the highest in the world.
High Cholesterol. Among African Americans, 45 percent of men and 46 percent of women have total blood cholesterol levels over 200 mg/dL.
HIV/AIDS. According to data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2002, African Americans accounted for about 21,000 or almost 54% of the diagnosed AIDS cases among adults. The AIDS diagnosis rate among African Americans is almost 11 times the rate among whites. The rate for African American women was 23 times the rate for white women. African Americans had the poorest survival rates of all racial and ethnic groups, with 55% surviving after 9 years. In 2000, HIV/AIDS was among the top three causes of death for African-American men ages 25-54 and African-American women ages 35-44
Cancer. African-American females have the highest incidence rates for colon/rectal and lung/bonchus cancer than females of any other ethnic group. African American females also experience higher death rates from breast cancer than any other racial or ethnic group, even though whites experience higher incidence rates. African American men have the highest death rates for prostate, lung/bronchus, and colon/rectal cancer than any other ethnic group.
Kidney Disease. In part because African Americans have a higher incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes - conditions that put their sufferers at higher risk - and partially for other reasons, blacks are at a higher risk of kidney disease than other ethnic groups.
Sickle Cell Anemia. A generic term for a group of genetic disorders characterized by the predominance of hemoglobin S (Hb S). The sickle cell disorders are found in people of African, Mediterranean, Indian, and Middle Eastern heritage. In the United States, these disorders are most commonly observed in African Americans and Hispanics from the Caribbean, Central America, and parts of South America.
Asthma. A chronic lung disease characterized by episodes of airflow obstruction. Among children and young adults, African Americans were three to four times more likely than whites to be hospitalized for asthma, and were four to six times more likely to die from asthma. Poverty, substandard housing that results in increased exposure to certain indoor allergens, lack of education, inadequate access to health care, and the failure to take appropriate medications may all contribute to the risk of having a severe asthma attack or, more tragically, of dying from asthma
Sarcoidosis. A chronic, systemic, idiopathic (unknown cause) granulomatous disease that primarily affects the lungs. It is more prevalent in blacks than in whites in the United States. It is usually diagnosed in individuals aged 20 to 40 and women are affected more than men. The cause of Sarcoidosis is still not known. Most patients with Sarcoidosis live normal lives. However, about 25% will have progressive lung disease and 10% will die from Sarcoidosis.
Lupus. A A serious but rare immunological disorder in which the body produces abnormal antibodies that react against the individual's own tissues. Lupus may affect the joints, skin, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain. It mainly affects young African-American women. People of all races may develop lupus, however, it is three times more common in African-American women than in Caucasian women.
Cholecystitis. Cholecystitis is defined as inflammation of the gall bladder. African-American and Asians - particularly females - suffer disproportionately from this disease.
What Do African American Women Suffer From?
http://www.womancando.org/conditions/africanamerican.htm
African-American women make up 13.1% of all women in the US.
Mortality rates for African-American women are higher than any other racial/ethnic group for nearly every major cause of death including heart disease, lung cancer, cerebrovascular disease, breast cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.(1)
Arthritis:
Arthritis is the third most common chronic condition and the leading cause of activity limitation in African Americans.(2)
Autoimmune Disease:
African American women are three times more likely than white women to get lupus.(3)
African American women tend to have more severe disease than do white women. For example, African American women are more likely to suffer seizures and strokes.(3)
The death rate from Lupus among black women rose by 70%. There was only a small increase in what was reported in the rate for white women.(4)
Cancer:
African-Americans are more likely to develop cancer than any other racial/ethnic group in the United States.(5)
African Americans are almost twice as likely to die of cancer than any other minority group, and 20% more likely than whites.(6)
The frequency of premenopausal breast cancer in African-American women is twice the rate of Caucasians. Studies show that in most instances, that in African-American women, by age 40, the cancer has already spread.(7)
Although the overall rate of breast cancer in African-American women is not as high as compared to white women, they suffer the highest death rate from the disease once detected.(7)
Black women have the highest incidence of and mortality from colon and rectum cancer than any other ethnic or racial group.(8)
Black women with ovarian carcinoma are at an increased risk of death compared with white women with the same disease.(9)
While Hispanic women have almost 50% higher incidence rates of cervical cancer than black women, black women are 75% more likely to die from the disease.(8)
Diabetes:
The prevalence of diabetes in African-American women is approximately 85 percent higher than Caucasian women.(10)
15% of African American woman have diabetes, compared to 6.9% of white women.(11)
Non-Hispanic black women aged 45-64 had more than twice the rate of undiagnosed diabetes as non-Hispanic white women the same age.(12)
Non-Hispanic black women had the highest age-adjusted mortality rate (51.7 per 100,000) from diabetes in 1999.(13)
Compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks have more than twice the incidence of end-stage renal disease.(14)
Heart Disease:
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for black women in the U.S.(6)
Black women have the highest age-adjusted mortality rate from heart disease.(6)
The higher mortality rates of heart disease in black women seem to be the result of a higher proportion of black women exhibiting the risk factors for increased mortality-cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, inadequate physical activity, and obesity.(15)
The Association of Black Cardiologists have developed and educational video on preventing heart disease for African American women. To download this free video featuring poet Maya Angelou, please visit the Association of Black Cardiologists at http://www.abcardio.org/womensCenter/heartHealth.htm.
HIV/AIDS:
Among women, 71% of the 4500 newly diagnosed cases of HIV African American.(16)
The AIDS case rate for black women is 20 times higher than for non-Hispanic white women, and more than three times higher than any other minority group.(17)
Four times as many black women as any other racial or ethnic group of women die from HIV disease.(6)
Mental Health:
Almost two thirds of black, Hispanic, and Asian women who perceived a need to see a mental health professional did not see one in the past year compared to 35% of white women.(18)
Reproductive Health:
Black women have a much higher pregnancy related death rate compared to white or Hispanic women.(18)
Sickle Cell Disease:
Sickle Cell Disease, an inherited blood cell disorder, is more common among African Americans. It is estimated that the disease occurs in 1 in every 500 African -American births and that 1 out of 12 African-Americans carry the sickle cell trait.(19)
References:
1. Making the Grade on Women's Health: A National and State-by-State Report Card: National Women's Law Center; August 2000.
2. Prevalence and impact of arthritis by race and ethnicity--United States, 1989-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1996;45(18):373-378.
3. The Many Shades of Lupus. U.S. Department of Health, National Insititutes of Health, National Insitutue of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disorderes. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/lupus/shades/index.htm#5. Accessed August 22, 2002.
4. Trends in Deaths from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus --- United States, 1979--1998. MMWR. May3 2002;51(17):371-374.
5. Cancer Facts & Figures 2000. American Cancer Society. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/F&F00.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2002.
6. Eberhardt MS, Ingram DD, Makuc DM. Urban and Rural Health Chartbook. Health, Unites States, 2001. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics; 2001 2001.
7. Meadows M. More Research Needed on Breast Cancer in Black Women. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health. Available at: http://www.omhrc.gov/ctg/ctg_cancer_issue.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2002.
8. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1999, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD,. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Insititute. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1973_1999/. Accessed August 22, 2002.
9. Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Tainsky MA, Abrams J, et al. Ethnic differences in survival among women with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;94(6):1886-1893.
10. Diabetes Surveillance System: Prevalence of Diabetes. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/fig4data.htm. Accessed August 22, 2002.
11. Tull ES, Roseman JM. Diabetes in African Americans. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995. NIH Publication No. 95-1468.
12. Beckles GLA, Thompson-Reid PE. Diabetes and women's health across the life stages: a public health perspective. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation; 2001.
13. Hoyert DL, Arias E, Smith BL, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD. Deaths: Final Data for 1999. National Vital Statistics Report. September 21 2001;49(8):1-114.
14. Karter AJ, Ferrara A, Liu JY, Moffet HH, Ackerson LM, Selby JV. Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. Jama. 2002;287(19):2519-2527.
15. Winkleby MA, Kraemer HC, Ahn DK, Varady AN. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: findings for women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Jama. 1998;280(4):356-362.
16. Karon JM, Fleming PL, Steketee RW, De Cock KM. HIV in the United States at the turn of the century: an epidemic in transition. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(7):1060-1068.
17. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Pervention; 2000. 12(No.2).
18. Stinson FS, Grant BF, Dufour MC. The critical dimension of ethnicity in liver cirrhosis mortality statistics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25(8):1181-1187.
19. Facts About Sickle Cell. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; November 1996. NIH Publication no. 96-4057.
At DiversityWorking.com, we make sure the jobs we post are open for all minority groups, especially to African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans, the disabled, war veterans, women, and gays and lesbians. Our jobs database is kept up-to-date and with a variety of employment opportunities at top Fortune 500 companies in America. Your future looks brighter with DiversityWorking!
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